By Chuck Meide, Expedition Principal Investigator - Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program
French galleons similar to those in Ribault’s fleet, taken from Theodor de Bry’s book of engravings based on Jacques Le Moyne’s original drawings of the 1564 colonization. Image courtesy of the Service Historique de la Défense, Vincennes, France. Download image (jpg, 76 KB).
Jean Ribault’s fleet consisted of seven ships, three of which were smaller than 100 tons and four of which were greater. The smaller ships included La Perle (“Pearl”), commanded by Ribault’s son Jacques, and La Levrière (“Greyhound”), which Laudonnière commanded on the final voyage home. One of these two ships was 80 tons and the other 70 tons. The smallest ship, L’Épaule de Mouton (“Leg of Mutton”), measured 60 tons.
Ribault successfully unloaded all or most of the supplies from these ships at Fort Caroline, and they remained at the Fort during Ribault’s attack, so were not wrecked by the September storm. L’Épaule de Mouton appears to have been scuttled at the mouth of the River May after the fall of Fort Caroline, while the other two made it successfully back to Europe.
A 16th-century English galleass, the Antelope. One of King Henry VIII’s ships, it is pictured here on the Anthony Roll, an illustrated record of ships in the Tudor Navy, 1546. It may have looked similar to the Trinité, Ribault’s galleass. Note the oar ports positioned below the gun ports. Image courtesy of the Service Historique de la Défense, Vincennes, France. Download image (jpg, 94 KB).
It was Ribault’s four larger ships that were wrecked probably between Ponce Inlet and Cape Canaveral, and thus are of interest to expedition archaeologists. First was Ribault’s 32-gun flagship, La Trinité, owned by the crown. It was a galleass, a hybrid galleon-type warship propelled by both oars and sail, and a relatively small one at around 150-160 tons. It does not appear that La Trinité was unloaded before the storm, which makes it a particularly promising target for an archaeological survey, both due to the presence of iron detectable by magnetometry and the wealth of potentially preserved material culture.
A significant amount of munitions, armament, and supplies are listed on its 28 April 1565 manifest. Iron objects which are likely preserved include 20 berches (large faucons or falcons, a class of cannon); four chiens (another artillery class); 977 cannon balls; 300 iron pikes; 1,300 nails; 100 corsets of armor; 3,153 pounds of stock iron; two anvils; a large iron bowl; a sheet of iron; and a variety of small items including tongs, hooks, pincers, and other hand tools.
Some of the ship’s bronze cannon were salvaged by surviving crewmembers, but there is no other record of significant salvage activities taking place.
La Trinité was stranded on a sandbar for some time before succumbing to the waves, suggesting that the shipwreck may be preserved in a more intact condition than the other three, which broke to pieces in the surf soon after running aground.
French colonization vessels from Laudonnière’s 1564 expedition, as depicted by Theodore de Bry engravings, after artwork by Jacques Le Moyne, who was with Laudonnière. Image courtesy of the Service Historique de la Défense, Vincennes, France. Download image (jpg, 116 KB).
The vice-flagship was the 29-gun L’Émérillon (“Little Falcon”), also registering 150-160 tons. She was owned by the King and built as a roberge, a type of ship that is not fully understood.
L’Émérillon had a sizable cargo, according to her 28 April 1565 manifest. Iron hardware on board included 18 cannon; seven “iron carriages” for bronze guns (it is likely this indicates the wheels and axles were iron); 380 cannon balls; 32 iron picks; and other hardware and tools including hooks, hammers, pincers, and artillery wedges.
La Truite (“Trout”) is another ship of similar tonnage, between 150 and 160, possibly another roberge. As her manifest has not been located, her armament and cargo remains unknown, though they were probably similar in scope and nature to the ships above.
The fourth ship was also named L’Émérillon, and is usually designated by scholars as L’Émérillon (2) to distinguish it from the first vessel. L’Émérillon (2) is the smallest of the four lost ships, at 120 tons. She was privately owned and contracted by the crown, and is believed by some scholars to be another roberge. Her cargo and armament remains somewhat of a mystery, as her full manifest is not extant and the surviving receipt signed by her captain Vincent Collas lists only 48 cannon balls and 56 pounds of gunpowder.
These last three shipwrecks were reported to have been driven aground and subsequently broken to pieces by the crashing surf with the loss of many lives. This suggests that their remains are likely more scattered than the wreck of La Trinité. It can be speculated that there was less of an opportunity to salvage these wrecks, as they would have disappeared beneath the waves relatively quickly and, even with a significant scatter of flotsam on the beach, been difficult to locate.
两个鬼故事武侠开端美团券鱼火肴加盟母婴商贸公司起名字大全免费在线起英文名淄博起名属牛起名字禁忌用的字孟姓男孩属鼠起名小说叶辰夏若雪全文免费阅读iso格式律师事务所起名字宝起名打分回乡偶书古诗带拼音dynaform烽燧盈字起名的含义虾不能和什么食物一起吃八字缺金怎样起名漫展不能穿的衣服干货调料店起名孙姓起名孙姓男孩的名字水厂起名什么名字尚氏男孩起名儿童玩具店起名我是真的演员表成语公司起名水利起名电影香水春天出生的女孩子起名字江姐的故事少年生前被连续抽血16次?多部门介入两大学生合买彩票中奖一人不认账让美丽中国“从细节出发”淀粉肠小王子日销售额涨超10倍高中生被打伤下体休学 邯郸通报单亲妈妈陷入热恋 14岁儿子报警何赛飞追着代拍打雅江山火三名扑火人员牺牲系谣言张家界的山上“长”满了韩国人？男孩8年未见母亲被告知被遗忘中国拥有亿元资产的家庭达13.3万户19岁小伙救下5人后溺亡 多方发声315晚会后胖东来又人满为患了张立群任西安交通大学校长“重生之我在北大当嫡校长”男子被猫抓伤后确诊“猫抓病”测试车高速逃费 小米：已补缴周杰伦一审败诉网易网友洛杉矶偶遇贾玲今日春分倪萍分享减重40斤方法七年后宇文玥被薅头发捞上岸许家印被限制高消费萧美琴窜访捷克 外交部回应联合利华开始重组专访95后高颜值猪保姆胖东来员工每周单休无小长假男子被流浪猫绊倒 投喂者赔24万小米汽车超级工厂正式揭幕黑马情侣提车了西双版纳热带植物园回应蜉蝣大爆发当地回应沈阳致3死车祸车主疑毒驾恒大被罚41.75亿到底怎么缴妈妈回应孩子在校撞护栏坠楼外国人感慨凌晨的中国很安全杨倩无缘巴黎奥运校方回应护栏损坏小学生课间坠楼房客欠租失踪 房东直发愁专家建议不必谈骨泥色变王树国卸任西安交大校长 师生送别手机成瘾是影响睡眠质量重要因素国产伟哥去年销售近13亿阿根廷将发行1万与2万面值的纸币兔狲“狲大娘”因病死亡遭遇山火的松茸之乡“开封王婆”爆火：促成四五十对奥巴马现身唐宁街 黑色着装引猜测考生莫言也上北大硕士复试名单了德国打算提及普京时仅用姓名天水麻辣烫把捣辣椒大爷累坏了