This is part 3 of a series of articles on the 555 timer. Part 1聽goes into more detail about the pins聽and how the chip聽functions, so you might want to start there if you haven’t read it already:聽 555 Timer Basics – Monostable Mode.

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Astable Mode of the 555 Timer

The astable mode is what most people think of when it comes to the聽 555 timer. Many times when you see a project with flashing LEDs, it’s a聽555 timer at work. But it has a lot of other interesting applications too. For example, it can also generate frequencies to聽produce sound when the output is connected to a speaker. It can even be used聽as a simple analog to digital converter (ADC).

BONUS: I made a quick start guide for this tutorial that you can download and go back to later if you can’t set this up right now. It includes all of the wiring diagrams and instructions you need to get started.

In astable mode, the 555 timer acts as an oscillator that generates a square wave. The聽frequency of the wave can be adjusted by changing聽the values of two resistors and a聽capacitor connected to the chip. The formulas below will tell you the length of the output’s on and off cycles with different resistors and capacitors:

t_{on}=0.69\times C1 \times (R1+R2)\\ t_{off}=0.69 \times C1 \times R2 \\ \\ t_{on}: \ Length \ of \ high \ output \ pulse \ in \ seconds \\ t_{off}: \ Length \ of \ low \ output \ pulse \ in \ seconds \\ R1: \ Resistance \ of \ R1 \ in \ Ohms \\ R2: \ Resistance \ of \ R2 \ in \ Ohms \\ C1: \ Capacitance \ of \ C1 \ in \ Farads

With this equation, you can see that increasing the values of either C1 or R2 will聽increase both the time the output stays on and the time it stays off. Increasing the value of R1 will only lengthen the time the output stays聽on.

How Astable Mode Works

555 timer astable mode circuit

  • Pin 2 – Trigger: Turns on the output when the聽voltage supplied to it drops below 1/3 of Vcc
  • Pin 6 – Threshold:聽Turns off the output when the voltage supplied to it reaches above 2/3 Vcc.
  • Pin 7 – Discharge: When the output voltage is low, it discharges C1聽to ground.

In astable mode, the output cycles on and off continuously. In the schematic above, notice that the threshold pin and the trigger pin are connected to C1. This makes the voltage the same聽at the trigger pin, threshold pin, and C1.

At the beginning of an on/off聽cycle, the voltage is low at聽C1, the trigger pin, and the threshold pin. Whenever the trigger pin voltage is聽low, the output is on, and the discharge pin is off. Since the discharge pin is off, current can flow through resistors R1 and R2, charging聽capacitor C1.

Once C1 charges to 2/3 Vcc, the output is switched off by the threshold pin. When the output goes off, the discharge pin switches on. This allows the charge accumulated on capacitor C1 to drain to ground.

Once the voltage across C1 drops to聽1/3 Vcc, the trigger pin turns off the聽discharge pin, so C1 can start charging again.

A Blinking LED聽Circuit

To observe the 555 timer in astable mode, let’s build聽a circuit that聽uses the 555 timer’s oscillating output to make an LED flash on and off:

555 Timer Flashing LED

  • R1: 4.7K Ohm resistor
  • R2: 4.7K Ohm resistor
  • R3: 1K Ohm resistor
  • C1: 100 渭F capacitor

The values of R1, R2, and C1 affect the speed of the blinking. Larger values will make聽the LED blink slower, while smaller values will make the LED blink faster. Resistor R3 is just there to limit the current to the LED so it doesn’t burn out. If you want to set the blinking to a certain speed, you can use the formula at the beginning of this article to calculate the resistance or capacitance you need.

Blinking聽LED Controlled by a Potentiometer

An easy way to observe the effect of resistance on the blinking speed聽is to use聽a 10K Ohm potentiometer聽for R2:

555 Timer Potentiometer

  • R1: 4.7K Ohm resistor
  • R2: 10K Ohm聽potentiometer
  • R3: 1K Ohm resistor
  • C1: 100 渭F capacitor

Adjusting the potentiometer will change the rate of the LED flashing.

Blinking聽LED Controlled by a Photoresistor

Instead of using a potentiometer to control the blinking聽rate, try connecting a photoresistor:

555 Timer Photoresistor Circuit Diagram

  • R1: 4.7K Ohm resistor
  • R2:聽Photoresistor
  • R3: 1K Ohm resistor
  • C1: 100 渭F capacitor

The resistance of a photoresistor decreases as more light shines on it, so the LED will flash more quickly when exposed to more light.

If you want to learn more about the 555 timer, the book聽 Timer, Op Amp, and Optoelectronic Circuits and Projects Book Vol. 1 By Forrest Mims聽is a great resource to have on your bench. The book has lots of information about the 555 timer, OpAmps, and other IC’s too.

You can watch how聽each of the circuits in this tutorial work in this video:

If you have any questions or are having trouble with this project, please leave a comment below and I’ll try to answer it as soon as possible… And don’t forget to subscribe to keep up to date on our latest articles!